* The element responsible for converting chemical energy of fuel ( petrol , diesel , alcohol ... etc) into mechanical energy is the "motor".
* Motor is four times:
1 .- Time ADMISSION: Enters the fuel ( air + fuel) the engine.
2 .- Time COMPRESSION: fuel is compressed .
3 .- Time EXPLOSION: the spark plug and explodes the fuel to expand.
4 .- Time ESCAPE: gases, and burned , they stand out from the tailpipe.
* A "system" is a set of elements that are aimed at a mission ( cool , damp , direct ..., etc)
Power System:
Mission: To introduce fuel (air + fuel) the engine.
Main Element : carburetor
Electrical System: It is divided into four circuits.
* Circuit power :
Mission: To produce the spark plugs
Main Element : Coil
* Load Circuit :
Mission: To charge the battery of the energy the car uses .
Main Element : in most vehicles is the "alternative", but others carry a " dynamo "
* Starting Circuit :
Mission: To help the engine to start when standing
Main components: the starter
* Light Circuit :
Mission: To ensure the energy needed by the rest of the automotive electrical components
Main Element : None
The four " channels "of" power system " of a car , have one thing in common is the battery.
Inside the battery, a liquid called electrolyte which consists of distilled water and sulfuric acid.
The battery maintenance consists of filling of distilled water only when, looking inside , the electrolyte is low and also cover the battery terminals (positive and negative) with grease or petroleum jelly, is tuned to avoid .
Lubricating System:
Mission: To lubricate the engine parts that are not based (cold engine)
Main elements: the letter, which is the shell which houses the oil.
Question : What should be the engine to change the oil? ... HOT
Question : What should be the engine for measuring the oil level ? ... COLD
Refrigeration system:
Mission: To cool the engine
Main elements: the coolant ( water plus antifreeze)
Question: Where is cooled coolant ? ... THE COOLER
Question : Where do you measure the coolant level ? ... in the glass or POT OF EXPANSION
Transmission System:
Mission: to get ( pass ) the rotation of the engine to the wheels.
Elements of the transmission: the clutch, gearbox , drive shaft and bevel differential.
Suspension System:
Mission: To prevent road irregularities are transmitted to the occupants of the vehicle
Main elements: the springs , stabilizer bars, springs and dampers
Steering System:
Mission: To guide wheels
Question: What direction is the system most used in automotive? ... ON THE RACK
Braking System:
Mission : to reduce the speed ( service brake ) or stabilize the vehicle (parking brake )
Question : on what wheels does the service brake ( foot brake )?... ON FOUR
Question : on what wheels does the parking brake ( handbrake )?... ON THE REAR
Question : What elements used braking disc brakes ? ... THE PADS
Question : What elements braking using drum brakes ? ... BRAKE PADS
Sunday, September 12, 2010
First Aid - The Accident
Lhe three factors that can lead to accidents are the same involved in the movement:
Man : Because of its inexperience , ability or fitness ... etc .
Vehicle : Because of its mechanical condition or maintenance.
The road: For configuration, status , signaling ... etc .
* The ability of a driver must be provided above the needs in the road.
Las three major causes of accidents on national roads are:
excessive or inappropriate speed .
The abuse of the road.
Failure to maintain a safe distance .
* All road users who are involved, or are witness news an accident, are, as a minimum , to seek help for the wounded.
* The first thing to do, to reach the accident site is ensure circulation.
* If there had been seriously injured or dead, to avoid changing the status quo or fingerprints, unless this would prejudice the safety of the injured or circulation.
* The order of priority in the care of the wounded is: Asphyxiation, unconscious and bleeding large.
General rules of operation:
Act quickly but without haste .
Establish a secure environment .
Never give drink to the wounded.
Do not remove the helmet to motorists.
Do not give medications or ointments .
Keep protected from possible neck jerking.
The transport of injured to be done in an appropriate vehicle .
Do not move the injured and , if necessary move , we'll do that if it were a rigid block .
Do not mess wounds.
Prevent injuries walk .
Loosen clothing and clothes of the wounded.
Cover the injured , so that it retains temperature , but prevent sweating .
Placement of the wounded :
Security or Defense Position : A suffocating the wounded , are unconscious or suffering from vomiting. Also called " lateral stable " , and involves placing the wounded lying, side, to encourage the opening of the airways.
Position of "Shock " Those with heavy bleeding . Also called the " collapse "and involves placing the wounded lying on her back , but with legs slightly elevated, to encourage blood flow to the brain.
Semirecumbent position : Those who breathe with difficulty. This position promotes spontaneous breathing. (Not confuse difficulty breathing with choking)
Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation :
* It consists in carrying the wounded , cardiac massage ( chest compressions ), while it blows air into your lungs (air ).
* The rate of compressions and ventilations , practiced the injured will depend on the number of people who assist him , to be ... :
With only one assistant : 15 compressions followed by 2 ventilations.
With two subsidiaries: 5 compressions followed by ventilation .
Injuries:
Fractures:
* Fractures (broken bone ) can be open ( the broken bone , looks and are the most dangerous ) or closed ( notice the deformation of the member, but the bone is not seen )
* Immobilize the fractured limb with a garment, wide enough as to encompass the two joints closest to the fracture.
Hemorrhage :
DEpendes blood vessel ruptures, may be:
Hair : Small bleeding points .
Venous : Blood dark, without oxygen , which leaves continuously.
Arterial : Bright blood with oxygen, which gushes .
DEpendes of where to locate, include:
External : You see the wound to bleed.
Internal: You do not see the bleeding , but presumably by the pallor of the wounded , inconsistency or rapid heartbeat and imperceptible ... "Shock . "
Exteriorized : They are produced in the interior, but the blood goes through naturally , nose, ear, mouth ...
Burn :
Do not remove clothing stuck .
Do not puncture or cut the blisters.
Cool the burned area with cold water.
Never sell , together , two burned areas (fingers , legs ...)
Hold high the burned area.
Never apply creams or ointments.
No watering , except severe burn to be aware and not vomit .
Man : Because of its inexperience , ability or fitness ... etc .
Vehicle : Because of its mechanical condition or maintenance.
The road: For configuration, status , signaling ... etc .
* The ability of a driver must be provided above the needs in the road.
Las three major causes of accidents on national roads are:
excessive or inappropriate speed .
The abuse of the road.
Failure to maintain a safe distance .
* All road users who are involved, or are witness news an accident, are, as a minimum , to seek help for the wounded.
* The first thing to do, to reach the accident site is ensure circulation.
* If there had been seriously injured or dead, to avoid changing the status quo or fingerprints, unless this would prejudice the safety of the injured or circulation.
* The order of priority in the care of the wounded is: Asphyxiation, unconscious and bleeding large.
General rules of operation:
Act quickly but without haste .
Establish a secure environment .
Never give drink to the wounded.
Do not remove the helmet to motorists.
Do not give medications or ointments .
Keep protected from possible neck jerking.
The transport of injured to be done in an appropriate vehicle .
Do not move the injured and , if necessary move , we'll do that if it were a rigid block .
Do not mess wounds.
Prevent injuries walk .
Loosen clothing and clothes of the wounded.
Cover the injured , so that it retains temperature , but prevent sweating .
Placement of the wounded :
Security or Defense Position : A suffocating the wounded , are unconscious or suffering from vomiting. Also called " lateral stable " , and involves placing the wounded lying, side, to encourage the opening of the airways.
Position of "Shock " Those with heavy bleeding . Also called the " collapse "and involves placing the wounded lying on her back , but with legs slightly elevated, to encourage blood flow to the brain.
Semirecumbent position : Those who breathe with difficulty. This position promotes spontaneous breathing. (Not confuse difficulty breathing with choking)
Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation :
* It consists in carrying the wounded , cardiac massage ( chest compressions ), while it blows air into your lungs (air ).
* The rate of compressions and ventilations , practiced the injured will depend on the number of people who assist him , to be ... :
With only one assistant : 15 compressions followed by 2 ventilations.
With two subsidiaries: 5 compressions followed by ventilation .
Injuries:
Fractures:
* Fractures (broken bone ) can be open ( the broken bone , looks and are the most dangerous ) or closed ( notice the deformation of the member, but the bone is not seen )
* Immobilize the fractured limb with a garment, wide enough as to encompass the two joints closest to the fracture.
Hemorrhage :
DEpendes blood vessel ruptures, may be:
Hair : Small bleeding points .
Venous : Blood dark, without oxygen , which leaves continuously.
Arterial : Bright blood with oxygen, which gushes .
DEpendes of where to locate, include:
External : You see the wound to bleed.
Internal: You do not see the bleeding , but presumably by the pallor of the wounded , inconsistency or rapid heartbeat and imperceptible ... "Shock . "
Exteriorized : They are produced in the interior, but the blood goes through naturally , nose, ear, mouth ...
Burn :
Do not remove clothing stuck .
Do not puncture or cut the blisters.
Cool the burned area with cold water.
Never sell , together , two burned areas (fingers , legs ...)
Hold high the burned area.
Never apply creams or ointments.
No watering , except severe burn to be aware and not vomit .
Security consumption and pollution
Safety:
* All cars must have safety features active and security features passive.
Active safety: Are those with which we avoid to occur accident.
The brake
The accelerator
The address ... etc .
Passive safety: Are those that, once the accident , prevent damage to the vehicle occupants are from further consideration.
The bumper
The seat belt
The head restraint
The airbag ..., etc .
Seatbelt :
* Must wear seat belts, all vehicle occupants Both inside and outside of town at:
Cars
Vehicles up to 3,500 kg mixed . MMA .
* Must wear seat belts, only the driver and front seat occupantsBoth inside and outside of town at:
Trucks and vans up to 3,500 kg. MMA .
Buses up to 5 tons of MMA
Exemptions: There are two groups of people who are exempt from belted ...
In town : Taxi drivers , driving instructors , drivers and occupants of emergency service vehicles and distributors of goods. (If you realize , in this group are professionals driving)
In and out of town : Any driver , when backing up , pregnant women (with medical certificate ) and any person who provided medical certificate, stating its inability to carry it.
Reflective vest :
* All car drivers must wear , such as crew thereof, a reflective vest approved, will be placed when out of the vehicle and the road or the shoulder of inter-city roads .
Economy and pollution:
Factors that cause increased fuel consumption:
Speed : A faster, higher consumption.
The type of road: Within the village is consumed more than inter-city roads .
The drag : anti- wind up , windows down, the roof ...
The driving style : With a nervous or aggressive driving consumes more .
Vehicle Maintenance : Distributor , spark plugs , air filter , idle ...
Automatic Gear : Consume more than the manual gearbox .
Air conditioning: The vehicle consumes more , the latter being connected.
Tire pressure : With lower than recommended pressure , the vehicle consumes more fuel.
Tyre Width : The wider a tire is more consumed.
Factors that cause increased pollution :
Throwing trash out the windows.
Pour used oil on the track.
Allow dropping it unburned fuel.
Keeping the engine at the prolonged detention ( jams)
Accelerate suddenly or cause torn at high rpm.
use the " starter "or" choke "excessively .
Causing unnecessary noise (noise pollution) , exhaust pipes, damaged , free or with resonators , horn ... etc .
* All cars must have safety features active and security features passive.
Active safety: Are those with which we avoid to occur accident.
The brake
The accelerator
The address ... etc .
Passive safety: Are those that, once the accident , prevent damage to the vehicle occupants are from further consideration.
The bumper
The seat belt
The head restraint
The airbag ..., etc .
Seatbelt :
* Must wear seat belts, all vehicle occupants Both inside and outside of town at:
Cars
Vehicles up to 3,500 kg mixed . MMA .
* Must wear seat belts, only the driver and front seat occupantsBoth inside and outside of town at:
Trucks and vans up to 3,500 kg. MMA .
Buses up to 5 tons of MMA
Exemptions: There are two groups of people who are exempt from belted ...
In town : Taxi drivers , driving instructors , drivers and occupants of emergency service vehicles and distributors of goods. (If you realize , in this group are professionals driving)
In and out of town : Any driver , when backing up , pregnant women (with medical certificate ) and any person who provided medical certificate, stating its inability to carry it.
Reflective vest :
* All car drivers must wear , such as crew thereof, a reflective vest approved, will be placed when out of the vehicle and the road or the shoulder of inter-city roads .
Economy and pollution:
Factors that cause increased fuel consumption:
Speed : A faster, higher consumption.
The type of road: Within the village is consumed more than inter-city roads .
The drag : anti- wind up , windows down, the roof ...
The driving style : With a nervous or aggressive driving consumes more .
Vehicle Maintenance : Distributor , spark plugs , air filter , idle ...
Automatic Gear : Consume more than the manual gearbox .
Air conditioning: The vehicle consumes more , the latter being connected.
Tire pressure : With lower than recommended pressure , the vehicle consumes more fuel.
Tyre Width : The wider a tire is more consumed.
Factors that cause increased pollution :
Throwing trash out the windows.
Pour used oil on the track.
Allow dropping it unburned fuel.
Keeping the engine at the prolonged detention ( jams)
Accelerate suddenly or cause torn at high rpm.
use the " starter "or" choke "excessively .
Causing unnecessary noise (noise pollution) , exhaust pipes, damaged , free or with resonators , horn ... etc .
Adhesion , tires and brakes
* Adherencia is the ability to grip, with the vehicles, the road sign .
* LI factors involved in adherence are:
The materials with which it is constructed the way ( cobblestone , asphalt , cement , etc.).
The state in which the airway (dirty , clean , wet, dry , etc.).
The wheel
1 ... ?
The wheel is divided into two parts:
Rim: metal part of the wheel.
Tire: elastic portion of the wheel.
The tire comprises:
Air: with some exceptions ( tractors) , all tires have air inside.
Camera: It is responsible to contain the air. Tyres tubular have no camera.
Cover: This is the component designed to wrap the air ( tubular) or camera.
The roof is composed of:
Tread: The part with drawing, which is in contact with the pavement.
Flanks: They are found on the sides of the tread .
Heels: Are the rings to fixing the tire.
Housing: The skeleton of the tire. It consists of strips of canvas in the form radial or diagonal.
2 ... ?
* LI must get air tires , inside , the advise the manufacturer pressure.
* ET his will by pressure manometer, Which usually find at gas stations .
* Procuraremos measure tire pressure when they are cold.
3 ... ?
Tire wear :
* LI tire , as well as its use is eroded by :
An aggressive driving.
Speed.
Climate.
The load.
Incorrect inflation pressure .
The type of firm and the use of chains .
* LI tire should be replaced, For the same type , when the depth of their mark is less than 1.6 mm, suffering cuts or being deformed.
* La wheel may unbalanced When losing weight unevenly. If you have any unbalanced wheel , you'll notice vibration in the steering wheel at high speeds.
* Unot the main factors that can cause the bursting of a wheel, the lack of pressure.
* Chen busting a wheel , grasp the steering wheel firmly , gently lifting off the throttle without stepping on the brake.
Acting before a puncture :
Stop the vehicle in an appropriate place.
Put the hazard warning triangles .
Loosen wheel nuts .
Raise the vehicle by the cat.
Change the wheel , lowering the vehicle and contact the firm, finish tightening the nuts.
4 ... ?
Brakes:
* Tll the cars must be equipped with the braking systems following :
Brake service (Standing) : Allows you to slow down, acting on all wheels.
Brake parking (Hand ) is employed to stabilize the detention of a vehicle. It works , mostly from the rear wheels.
Brake emergency: A braking system , an alternative to service . It works on two wheels , one axis and oblique.
Brake motor: The engine of the vehicle can transmit two forces of progress (when racing) or clips ( when you stop accelerating) . These forces can be transmitted only to the wheels of the front axle ( motor vehicle ), only the rear axle wheels (vehicle propulsion ) or all-wheel drive ( 4X4 vehicle or all-wheel drive ). I mean ... , motor brake acts on the driving wheels.
* Ehere are two types of brakes , depending on braking element using :
Brake drum: Its elements are braking shoes
Brake disk: Its elements are braking pills
* Nor should we stop abruptly (for risk of wheel lock ). We adapt the use of the brake to the state of the pavement , making smooth and progressive manner .
Performance against a skid :
* El skid is the loss of adhesion of the wheels.
* Si the vehicle skids rear wheelTo the right ... for example, we turn the wheel to the same side , to counteract the slide. In the event that the skidding, occur within the front wheels, for the same reason , we turn the wheel to the opposite side .
* LI factors involved in adherence are:
The materials with which it is constructed the way ( cobblestone , asphalt , cement , etc.).
The state in which the airway (dirty , clean , wet, dry , etc.).
The wheel
1 ... ?
The wheel is divided into two parts:
Rim: metal part of the wheel.
Tire: elastic portion of the wheel.
The tire comprises:
Air: with some exceptions ( tractors) , all tires have air inside.
Camera: It is responsible to contain the air. Tyres tubular have no camera.
Cover: This is the component designed to wrap the air ( tubular) or camera.
The roof is composed of:
Tread: The part with drawing, which is in contact with the pavement.
Flanks: They are found on the sides of the tread .
Heels: Are the rings to fixing the tire.
Housing: The skeleton of the tire. It consists of strips of canvas in the form radial or diagonal.
2 ... ?
* LI must get air tires , inside , the advise the manufacturer pressure.
* ET his will by pressure manometer, Which usually find at gas stations .
* Procuraremos measure tire pressure when they are cold.
3 ... ?
Tire wear :
* LI tire , as well as its use is eroded by :
An aggressive driving.
Speed.
Climate.
The load.
Incorrect inflation pressure .
The type of firm and the use of chains .
* LI tire should be replaced, For the same type , when the depth of their mark is less than 1.6 mm, suffering cuts or being deformed.
* La wheel may unbalanced When losing weight unevenly. If you have any unbalanced wheel , you'll notice vibration in the steering wheel at high speeds.
* Unot the main factors that can cause the bursting of a wheel, the lack of pressure.
* Chen busting a wheel , grasp the steering wheel firmly , gently lifting off the throttle without stepping on the brake.
Acting before a puncture :
Stop the vehicle in an appropriate place.
Put the hazard warning triangles .
Loosen wheel nuts .
Raise the vehicle by the cat.
Change the wheel , lowering the vehicle and contact the firm, finish tightening the nuts.
4 ... ?
Brakes:
* Tll the cars must be equipped with the braking systems following :
Brake service (Standing) : Allows you to slow down, acting on all wheels.
Brake parking (Hand ) is employed to stabilize the detention of a vehicle. It works , mostly from the rear wheels.
Brake emergency: A braking system , an alternative to service . It works on two wheels , one axis and oblique.
Brake motor: The engine of the vehicle can transmit two forces of progress (when racing) or clips ( when you stop accelerating) . These forces can be transmitted only to the wheels of the front axle ( motor vehicle ), only the rear axle wheels (vehicle propulsion ) or all-wheel drive ( 4X4 vehicle or all-wheel drive ). I mean ... , motor brake acts on the driving wheels.
* Ehere are two types of brakes , depending on braking element using :
Brake drum: Its elements are braking shoes
Brake disk: Its elements are braking pills
* Nor should we stop abruptly (for risk of wheel lock ). We adapt the use of the brake to the state of the pavement , making smooth and progressive manner .
Performance against a skid :
* El skid is the loss of adhesion of the wheels.
* Si the vehicle skids rear wheelTo the right ... for example, we turn the wheel to the same side , to counteract the slide. In the event that the skidding, occur within the front wheels, for the same reason , we turn the wheel to the opposite side .
Adverse factors - visibility
key elements of the vehicle, they do realize the principle of see and be seen are:
The transparent elements of the cockpit.
Mirrors.
The lighting and signaling devices .
Transparent elements :
* Ltransparent elements you should be clean and must not distort the images through them to see. The placement of tinted or colored glass , non-approved is prohibited.
* El is called the front glass windshield, with the mission to protect us from the weather. On both sides we find the windows and in the back , we find the window moon.
* Po keep clean the windshield or rear window , we have the devices: wiper / washer and rear window / rear window.
* El device Anti-icing and anti-fog serves to prevent or break the ice and fog on the windows . Heating the vehicle is responsible for this mission, on the front glass and the heated rear window ( copper strands attached to the bezel ) on the rear
* El umbrella or parasol, these visors are placed on the position of the driver and front passenger , whose function is to prevent glare , front and side , caused by the sun.
Mirrors:
* LI mirrors mandatory for tourism , are outside left and insideAnd must carry also the right fieldWhen through interior not have enough visibility.
* Csa general rule , the mirrors are flat , reflecting an actual image in them , but some ExternalMay take the form convex reflecting those of a more limited and remote.
* De must bear always properly adjusted mirrors. Used mainly before leaving the vehicle or perform any maneuver.
Night driving :
* El main risk is night driving , glare or be dazzled by other vehicles.
* Sand must have their lights perfectly regulated , replacing the long-range for short , as soon as they appreciate the opportunity to dazzle, and adjusting our speed to space it illuminates.
* Chen two vehicles , at night , intersect in a curve , you must perform before the change of lights, take the curve to the right, which turn left .
Curves:
* Chen we vary the straight path of the vehicle generated in the same , the force centrifugal, which tends to drive us out of the track.
* Lcentrifugal force is proportional : The speed vehicle , in weight and curve radius.
* Aefore entering a corner , we must adapt our speed , adjusting our position to the right edge . In its development , we will accelerate gradually , gently turning the steering wheel .
* En a corner, we should avoid using the brake and clutch .
Meteorological factors :
* Lto meteorology, rain, snow , ice and fogAre adverse factors that cause lack of visibility and adherenceIn the circulation .
* La lack of visibility is taking the lamp corresponding addresses , using the defroster and demister , wipers ... etc .
* La lack of adhesion, by tire conditions (pressure and depth of trace) , chains (in case of snow or ice) and, above all , slow down , increasing the safety distance to anticipate braking.
* Con rain, snow , ice and fog, should be especially careful when overtaking and passing other vehicles.
Rain:
* El worse time for driving in the rain , that's when the first drops , as these by joining with dust , oil and other substances deposited on the ground, generating a mixture very slippery.
* La heavy rain can accumulate on the soil more water than the tires could leave through their drawings, and can cause slippage or loss of vehicle control, by its driver. This phenomenon is known as " aquaplaning " or" hydroplaning " and fixed with tires in moderate conditions and speed.
* Lof rain can affect the brakes , it is advisable to actuate from time to time, for verification. * Lto stopping distance in pavements in the rain is up to two times higher than in the dry .
Snow:
* As with the rain, the first flakes are the most risk involve in the circulation.
* Pcircular with snow plows , on the flat or uphill , you should do with the top gear that allows us the engine , while going down a mountain pass , we'll do with the speed shorter.
* Al start the car on snow is to put the wheels in a straight line , using gear ratios as high as possible while maintaining a smooth and constant acceleration .
* Chen after a snowfall the sun shines , its reverberations can cause glare , with tinted glasses , we can avoid. * Lto stopping distance in pavements with snow up to ten times higher than in the dry.
Ice:
* Con ice on the road , traffic is extremely dangerous. It is therefore we must provide for the existence of these plates on the road ...
If the weather is cold and wet.
In shady places, gullies , bridges , overpasses .
If we note that the address fleet.
* Lto stopping distance in pavements with ice up to ten times higher than in the dry.
Fog :
* Cthick fog on lighting should not be used long-range , as this will be reflected in it, turning against us and dazzle .
* Psubtract particular attention to road markings and signs for marking , are those , which guide us in the lane.
Wind:
* El is the most dangerous wind blowing and gusting side . If the wind blows from the right , the risk is to advance and, if it blows from the left , the risk is in passing another vehicle.
The transparent elements of the cockpit.
Mirrors.
The lighting and signaling devices .
Transparent elements :
* Ltransparent elements you should be clean and must not distort the images through them to see. The placement of tinted or colored glass , non-approved is prohibited.
* El is called the front glass windshield, with the mission to protect us from the weather. On both sides we find the windows and in the back , we find the window moon.
* Po keep clean the windshield or rear window , we have the devices: wiper / washer and rear window / rear window.
* El device Anti-icing and anti-fog serves to prevent or break the ice and fog on the windows . Heating the vehicle is responsible for this mission, on the front glass and the heated rear window ( copper strands attached to the bezel ) on the rear
* El umbrella or parasol, these visors are placed on the position of the driver and front passenger , whose function is to prevent glare , front and side , caused by the sun.
Mirrors:
* LI mirrors mandatory for tourism , are outside left and insideAnd must carry also the right fieldWhen through interior not have enough visibility.
* Csa general rule , the mirrors are flat , reflecting an actual image in them , but some ExternalMay take the form convex reflecting those of a more limited and remote.
* De must bear always properly adjusted mirrors. Used mainly before leaving the vehicle or perform any maneuver.
Night driving :
* El main risk is night driving , glare or be dazzled by other vehicles.
* Sand must have their lights perfectly regulated , replacing the long-range for short , as soon as they appreciate the opportunity to dazzle, and adjusting our speed to space it illuminates.
* Chen two vehicles , at night , intersect in a curve , you must perform before the change of lights, take the curve to the right, which turn left .
Curves:
* Chen we vary the straight path of the vehicle generated in the same , the force centrifugal, which tends to drive us out of the track.
* Lcentrifugal force is proportional : The speed vehicle , in weight and curve radius.
* Aefore entering a corner , we must adapt our speed , adjusting our position to the right edge . In its development , we will accelerate gradually , gently turning the steering wheel .
* En a corner, we should avoid using the brake and clutch .
Meteorological factors :
* Lto meteorology, rain, snow , ice and fogAre adverse factors that cause lack of visibility and adherenceIn the circulation .
* La lack of visibility is taking the lamp corresponding addresses , using the defroster and demister , wipers ... etc .
* La lack of adhesion, by tire conditions (pressure and depth of trace) , chains (in case of snow or ice) and, above all , slow down , increasing the safety distance to anticipate braking.
* Con rain, snow , ice and fog, should be especially careful when overtaking and passing other vehicles.
Rain:
* El worse time for driving in the rain , that's when the first drops , as these by joining with dust , oil and other substances deposited on the ground, generating a mixture very slippery.
* La heavy rain can accumulate on the soil more water than the tires could leave through their drawings, and can cause slippage or loss of vehicle control, by its driver. This phenomenon is known as " aquaplaning " or" hydroplaning " and fixed with tires in moderate conditions and speed.
* Lof rain can affect the brakes , it is advisable to actuate from time to time, for verification. * Lto stopping distance in pavements in the rain is up to two times higher than in the dry .
Snow:
* As with the rain, the first flakes are the most risk involve in the circulation.
* Pcircular with snow plows , on the flat or uphill , you should do with the top gear that allows us the engine , while going down a mountain pass , we'll do with the speed shorter.
* Al start the car on snow is to put the wheels in a straight line , using gear ratios as high as possible while maintaining a smooth and constant acceleration .
* Chen after a snowfall the sun shines , its reverberations can cause glare , with tinted glasses , we can avoid. * Lto stopping distance in pavements with snow up to ten times higher than in the dry.
Ice:
* Con ice on the road , traffic is extremely dangerous. It is therefore we must provide for the existence of these plates on the road ...
If the weather is cold and wet.
In shady places, gullies , bridges , overpasses .
If we note that the address fleet.
* Lto stopping distance in pavements with ice up to ten times higher than in the dry.
Fog :
* Cthick fog on lighting should not be used long-range , as this will be reflected in it, turning against us and dazzle .
* Psubtract particular attention to road markings and signs for marking , are those , which guide us in the lane.
Wind:
* El is the most dangerous wind blowing and gusting side . If the wind blows from the right , the risk is to advance and, if it blows from the left , the risk is in passing another vehicle.
Other users - the motor vehicle
* Defensive driving is circular movement in anticipation of other road users ...
Situations that should provide a possible risk :
After a ball can run a child.
Animals close to the road.
Stationary vehicle with people inside : the doors can open suddenly.
Stationary vehicle with the engine running : can be added without notice.
Conductor discussion : can react rashly .
Vehicle loading or unloading : operators can appear around him.
Zone of Uncertainty:
* It is the space that surrounds any road user - animals , pedestrians and vehicles - and, within which its movements can be unpredictable.
PEDESTRIANS: road use
* Pedestrians used for transit , pedestrian areas (sidewalks ). In the absence of these, use the hard shoulder and, if they do not exist, the essential part of the road.
* Even having sidewalks and to avoid inconvenience to other road users may use the road (right side ):
Pedestrians carrying large packages , pushing or pulling vehicles not considered motor, small ( cycle, moped, baby cart , shopping cart or work).
Groups of people led or forming courtship. ( school ranks , burial , demonstrations ... )
The wheelchair-bound invalid .
* Out of town and crossings ( no sidewalks ), Pedestrians and transit through the left side could have done so for the right time, their safety and advises.
* Out of town , between sunset and sunrise, when traveling through roadway or shoulder, and to warn their presence, must bear a reflective element that is visible to 150 feet away. The focus groups or processionsAlso must wear white or light yellow, red forward and backward, on the side closest to the center of the road.
* Within the town ( no sidewalks )May travel on the side that suits them.
ANIMALS: road use
* The animals must be driven by the trails, except that they do not exist but never, On motorways or dual carriageways.
* Your driving should be under the following rules:
Your driver should be adult. (18)
Not invade the pedestrian.
When path lacks sidewalksWill be led by the right, unless , your driver , take a single head of cattle.
In herd or flock, run at the speed of passage and as close as possible to the right edge.
At night , by poorly lit , their drivers are carried on the side closest to the center of the roadway , light white or yellow, red forward and backward.
It is prohibited to leave them unguarded in any kind of way.
The motor vehicle :
* In the car (tourism ) , the controls can be operated with hands or feet.
* accelerator : It is the right pedal, and its mission is to regulate the entry of fuel into the engine. When we stepped up (in a STOP, red light , Officer ... etc ), the engine continues to receive preventing some fuel stops. In these cases, says the engine runs at " idle ".
* The service brake: It is the central pedal and acts on all four wheels
* Clutch : It is the left pedal and its mission or attaching ( to connect or disconnect) , the engine gearbox . When we step on the clutch, said that the engine is disengaged.
* The parking brake : In most vehicles, it is a lever located between the two front seats . Usually acts on the rear wheels and has the mission to stabilize the vehicle , previously fixed by the service brake . Also called hand brake.
* The shifter : Moving it allows us to give the vehicle force or speedDepending on what, in each case, we need them. The lower gears (1st and 2nd ) give strength and long marches (4th and 5th ) are speed.
* Contact and start-up : We must avoid , when the vehicle is in motion , re- turn the ignition key then this action may damage the starter.
* Direction indicators : It is a horizontal lever located to the left of the steering wheel. Its mission is to turn the indicators on the left side ( scroll down) or right ( scroll up).
* audible warning device ( horn ): Should not produce loud noises or music.
* The throttle and choke : Two devices ( vehicles have one or the other ) whose mission is to promote cold weather starting ( pull the air). With either be achieved by enriching the mixture in the engine.
* The wiper : Brushes.
* The washer : They are usually one or two holes to discharge water on the windshield.
Situations that should provide a possible risk :
After a ball can run a child.
Animals close to the road.
Stationary vehicle with people inside : the doors can open suddenly.
Stationary vehicle with the engine running : can be added without notice.
Conductor discussion : can react rashly .
Vehicle loading or unloading : operators can appear around him.
Zone of Uncertainty:
* It is the space that surrounds any road user - animals , pedestrians and vehicles - and, within which its movements can be unpredictable.
PEDESTRIANS: road use
* Pedestrians used for transit , pedestrian areas (sidewalks ). In the absence of these, use the hard shoulder and, if they do not exist, the essential part of the road.
* Even having sidewalks and to avoid inconvenience to other road users may use the road (right side ):
Pedestrians carrying large packages , pushing or pulling vehicles not considered motor, small ( cycle, moped, baby cart , shopping cart or work).
Groups of people led or forming courtship. ( school ranks , burial , demonstrations ... )
The wheelchair-bound invalid .
* Out of town and crossings ( no sidewalks ), Pedestrians and transit through the left side could have done so for the right time, their safety and advises.
* Out of town , between sunset and sunrise, when traveling through roadway or shoulder, and to warn their presence, must bear a reflective element that is visible to 150 feet away. The focus groups or processionsAlso must wear white or light yellow, red forward and backward, on the side closest to the center of the road.
* Within the town ( no sidewalks )May travel on the side that suits them.
ANIMALS: road use
* The animals must be driven by the trails, except that they do not exist but never, On motorways or dual carriageways.
* Your driving should be under the following rules:
Your driver should be adult. (18)
Not invade the pedestrian.
When path lacks sidewalksWill be led by the right, unless , your driver , take a single head of cattle.
In herd or flock, run at the speed of passage and as close as possible to the right edge.
At night , by poorly lit , their drivers are carried on the side closest to the center of the roadway , light white or yellow, red forward and backward.
It is prohibited to leave them unguarded in any kind of way.
The motor vehicle :
* In the car (tourism ) , the controls can be operated with hands or feet.
* accelerator : It is the right pedal, and its mission is to regulate the entry of fuel into the engine. When we stepped up (in a STOP, red light , Officer ... etc ), the engine continues to receive preventing some fuel stops. In these cases, says the engine runs at " idle ".
* The service brake: It is the central pedal and acts on all four wheels
* Clutch : It is the left pedal and its mission or attaching ( to connect or disconnect) , the engine gearbox . When we step on the clutch, said that the engine is disengaged.
* The parking brake : In most vehicles, it is a lever located between the two front seats . Usually acts on the rear wheels and has the mission to stabilize the vehicle , previously fixed by the service brake . Also called hand brake.
* The shifter : Moving it allows us to give the vehicle force or speedDepending on what, in each case, we need them. The lower gears (1st and 2nd ) give strength and long marches (4th and 5th ) are speed.
* Contact and start-up : We must avoid , when the vehicle is in motion , re- turn the ignition key then this action may damage the starter.
* Direction indicators : It is a horizontal lever located to the left of the steering wheel. Its mission is to turn the indicators on the left side ( scroll down) or right ( scroll up).
* audible warning device ( horn ): Should not produce loud noises or music.
* The throttle and choke : Two devices ( vehicles have one or the other ) whose mission is to promote cold weather starting ( pull the air). With either be achieved by enriching the mixture in the engine.
* The wiper : Brushes.
* The washer : They are usually one or two holes to discharge water on the windshield.
Driver Fitness
main purpose of this is that you have mastered the following sections:
Reflections driver (Concepts of reaction time, reaction distance ..., etc.).
BAC (Concepts , taxes and alcohol tests ).
Our reflexes ( responsiveness ):
En the issue of documentation was said that one of the qualifications needed in order to obtain a driver's license , was to demonstrate to the authorities that we had physical ability, and psychomotor psychophysics for driving motor vehicles , by medical certificate ( not psycho ). The Approved Centre , where the issue , we do some simple tests whose purpose is to determine primarily whether the prospective driver has sufficient reflexes ( reaction time) .
POngame is a simple example to study the following concepts:
Example: Imagine that we circulate to our tourism, an avenue , and through us , past a soccer ball.
Reaction time:
It is the time elapsed since we perceive the ball, so we put the foot on the brake .
Reaction Distance:
Is that crosses our vehicle during the reaction time, ie since we see the ball until we put the foot on the brake.
Stopping distance:
It's covered by your vehicle , we started to slow down, until it stops.
Stopping distance or technical stop:
It's covered by your vehicle , from which we perceive the ball, until we were completely stopped.
Data to be taken into account with respect to reaction time :
The reaction time ( reflections) of a normal person is between half a second and a second.
At the time of reaction is unaffected by vehicle speed, as our reflexes are the same walk that at 180 km / h (another thing is the distance of reaction) .
The state of the driver (alcohol , fatigue , drowsiness ...), causes increased reaction time ( it takes longer to react).
All it does increase our response time ( does take longer to react) , by contrast , leads to poor our responsiveness.
Facts to consider about the distance of reaction:
At the distance of reaction it will affect the speed of the vehicle (the higher the speed , the greater the distance of a vehicle in the driver's reaction time ... or not?)
If the state of the driver (alcohol , fatigue , drowsiness ...), adds to the reaction time also will increase the distance of reaction ... Right?
Data to be taken into account concerning the stopping distance :
The stopping distance ( remember, we started to slow down, until the vehicle is stopped) , increases to poor road conditions (rain , leaves, potholes ...), the poor condition of the tires (pressure , drawing , ...), cuts of shock absorbers, braking elements ( pads or shoes ).
The state of the driver (alcohol , fatigue , drowsiness ...), but you will not believe , does not affect the braking distance , for at that moment who is involved but not the driver brakes.
As to whether we did on dry pavement stopping distance would double if circulásemos on wet pavement and up to ten times higher if we did by pavement with ice or snow.
Facts to consider regarding the stopping distance or technical stop :
This distance is always greater than the stopping distance and, because it is the sum of the reaction distance plus braking affected by all factors that affect these .
The drink-driving :
BAC is the amount of alcohol present in the body.
BAC is either the number of grams of alcohol per liter are analyzed blood , or the number of milligrams of alcohol per liter are expired air.
* Con this definition we have given, we conclude that there are two ways to get the BAC on a person ...:
By blood tests (measured in g.)
Using a breathalyzer analyzing the expired air (measured in milligrams.)
Breath test :
* LAgents conducted a traffic charge .
* Estan required to perform the breathalyzer test ..:
Any user (Pedestrian , cyclist , driver ...) that has engaged in an accident.
About lead Symptoms of a vehicle to do so under the influence of alcohol .
The drivers that are required for this purpose in the breath tests .
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)